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Helen Hayes
Helen Hayes MacArthur (née Brown) (October 10, 1900 – March 17, 1993) was an American actress whose career spanned almost 80 years. She eventually garnered the nickname "First Lady of American Theatre" and was one of 12 people who have won an Emmy, a Grammy, an Oscar and a Tony Award (an EGOT). Hayes also received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, America's highest civilian honor, from President Ronald Reagan in 1986.〔Reagan, Ronald.("Ronald Reagan: Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom - May 12, 1986" ) presidency.ucsb.edu, May 12, 1986, accessed August 27, 2011〕
In 1988, she was awarded the National Medal of Arts. The annual Helen Hayes Awards, which have recognized excellence in professional theatre in the greater Washington, DC area since 1984, are her namesake. In 1955, the former Fulton Theatre on 46th Street in New York City's Broadway Theater District was renamed the Helen Hayes Theatre. When that venue was torn down in 1982, the nearby Little Theatre was renamed in her honor. Helen Hayes is regarded as one of the Greatest Leading Ladies of the 20th century theatre.〔(Helen Hayes Remembrance )〕
==Early life==
Helen Hayes was born in Washington, DC, on October 10, 1900. Her mother, Catherine Estelle (née Hayes), or Essie, was an aspiring actress who worked in touring companies.〔("The Official Website of Helen Hayes: Biography" ) Helen Hayes.com, accessed August 27, 2011〕〔("Biography of Helen Hayes" ) Kennedy-Center.org, accessed August 27, 2011〕 Her father, Francis van Arnum Brown, worked at a number of jobs, including as a clerk at the Washington Patent Office and as a manager and salesman for a wholesale butcher.〔〔("The Theatre:Helen Millennial" ) ''Time Magazine'', December 30, 1935.〕 Hayes' Irish Catholic maternal grandparents emigrated from Ireland during the Irish Potato Famine.
Hayes began a stage career at an early age. She said her stage debut was as a five-year-old singer at Washington's Belasco Theatre (on Lafayette Square, across from the White House.)〔Evely, Douglas E., Dickson, Paul, and Ackerman, S.J.("The White House Neighborhood" )''On This Spot: Pinpointing the Past in Washington D.C.'' (2008), Capital Books, ISBN 1-933102-70-5, p.166〕 By the age of ten, she had made a short film called ''Jean and the Calico Doll'', but moved to Hollywood only when her husband, playwright Charles MacArthur, signed a Hollywood deal. She attended the Academy of the Sacred Heart Convent in Washington and graduated in 1917.〔("Helen Hayes" ) biography.yourdictionary.com, accessed August 27, 2011〕
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